Trifecta Outcomes in Open, Laparoscopy or Robotic Partial Nephrectomy: Does the Surgical Approach Matter?

This retrospective study evaluated perioperative outcomes of open partial nephrectomy (OPN), laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN), and robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) and identified predictive factors of Trifecta achievement for renal tumors that underwent partial nephrectomy (PN) in a single institutional cohort. The study involved patients who underwent PN from January 2011 to July 2018. Trifecta was defined as absence of perioperative complications, no positive surgical margins, and ischemia time <30 min. Fifty-five PN procedures were reviewed: 28 OPN, 14 LPN, and 13 RAPN. OPN, LPN and RAPN had similar median tumor size (5.75, 5.25, and 5 cm), nephrometry score (7, 6, and 6), and preoperative creatinine (1.09, 1.1, and 1.1 mg/dl, respectively). Blood loss was higher for OPN (550 ml) than for LPN (400 ml) and RAPN (300 ml), P = 0.042. Drain was removed after 6 days in OPN which was higher than LPN and RAPN (4.5 and 4 days, respectively), P = 0.008. OPN, LPN, and RAPN had similar median operative time (190, 180, and 180 min, respectively), P = 0.438. Median postoperative stay for OPN, LPN, and RAPN was 5, 6.5, and 10 days, respectively. Trifecta outcomes of 73.1%, 64.3%, and 61.53% were achieved in OPN, LPN, and RAPN, respectively, P = 0.730. It was concluded that Trifecta outcomes had no significant difference among OPN, LPN, and RAPN. LPN can produce as good results as RAPN. Keeping in mind the cost-effectiveness, LPN holds an important position in developing countries where expenditure by patient is a major factor.


Introduction
Currently, partial nephrectomy (PN) is the preferred modality of treatment for small renal masses. The American Urological Association Guideline recommends nephron-sparing surgery for T1 renal mass, as there is increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with radical nephrectomy (RN) (1). Furthermore, European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines have also recommended PN for T1b tumors as it preserves well normal renal parenchyma as well as provides oncological efficacy (2). Open PN (OPN) has been considered as the "gold standard" approach for many years. With advancements in laparoscopic techniques, equipment, and surgeons' skills, laparoscopy has been adopted worldwide, thereby offering comparable oncological outcomes, less morbidity, and shortened convalescence compared to open approach (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7). But laparoscopic PN is a technically challenging procedure which is presently limited to few surgeons in select centers in developing countries. Since the last decade, with widespread diffusion of robotic technology, there is increased adoption of robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy in providing a minimally invasive option for patients with clinical T1a lesions.
The outcomes of PN have been defined in terms of "Trifecta" which means no complications, negative surgical margins, and minimal renal functional decrease (8). The objective of the present study is to determine the complications and perioperative outcome measures associated with different techniques of PN for renal tumors.

Materials and Methods
After taking institutional ethics approval, the records of patients who underwent OPN, LPN, and RAPN for renal masses at the Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, between January 2011 and July 2018 were reviewed. Patients having incomplete data, solitary kidneys, clinical evidence of metastatic renal cancer, previous renal carcinoma, or renal surgery were excluded.
For each RAPN, two OPNs were matched in terms of patient age (within 10 years) and RENAL nephrometry score (within 2) from a pool of all PN cases performed between January 2011 and July 2018. RAPN and LPN cases were not directly matched because they were performed by the same two surgeons with equal number of cases and the same mass characteristics were used to select patients for both of these treatment modalities. No significant difference was seen in the mass size or nephrometry score between the two groups. The preoperative characteristics of these two groups were compared to ensure that they were similar.
The baseline demographic, disease, and treatment-related parameters were extracted from the hospital records in a de-identified manner. These data included age, sex, size, and location of tumor, mode of surgery (OPN/LPN/RAPN), indication for surgery, tumor pathology, serum creatinine preoperatively and at discharge. Perioperative data included duration of surgery, blood loss, number of blood transfusions, warm ischemia time (WIT), day of drain removal, hospital stay, need for intraoperative cooling, and postoperative complications. Nephrometry score was determined using the formula by Kutikov and Uzzo (9). The margin status of the resected tumor was recorded from the final histopathological examination report. The preoperative characteristics of the groups were compared to ensure that they were similar. The Trifecta achieved was defined as negative surgical margins, no serious perioperative complications (Clavien Dindo >2), and WIT<30 min.
The data were analyzed using SPSS, version 19. Comparison of the medians between groups was made using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The nominal variables were compared using chisquare test or Fisher's exact tests to determine significance.
The postoperative complications (Clavien Dindo >2) were two in each group (Table 2). It comprised four urinoma (one in OPN, two in LPN, and one in RAPN) which was drained by putting a pigtail and Foley's catheter. One patient of RAPN developed pseudoaneurysm and underwent angioembolisation. One patient of OPN had to be managed in the intensive care unit due to sepsis. Total number of patients requiring blood transfusions in OPN, LPN, and RAPN were 6 (23%), 1 (7%), and 1(7%), respectively, P = 0.281. OPN, LPN, and RAPN had one case each with positive surgical margins on histopathological report. Malignancies were identified in 20 (76.9%) OPN, 10 (71.4%) LPN, and 11 (84.6%) RAPN (Table 1); the majority were clear-cell carcinoma. One patient of LPN postoperative was identified as renal cell carcinoma with Fuhrman grade 3 with renal sinus involvement and underwent radical nephrectomy later. Trifecta was achieved in 19 (73.1%) in OPN, 9 (64.3%) in LPN, and 8 (61.5%) in RAPN, P = 0.730.

Discussion
In our study, 53 PN (26 OPN, 14 LPN, and 13 OPN) were reviewed with similar tumor size, nephrometry score, age, and gender. OPN had significantly higher blood loss than LPN,   (14). Similar to our study, postoperative complications and positive margins (1.6% OPN vs 2.85% LPN) were similar. In contrast to our study, blood loss was similar for OPN (300 ml) and LPN (376 ml), with 5% blood transfusion rate in both the groups. Further the size and configuration of the tumors significantly differed as OPN had larger tumors, which were more endophytic.
Pempangkosol et al. compared 58 OPN (median size 2.9 cm) with 85 LPN (2.4 cm) (15). In contrast to our study, the overall complications were 25% in OPN and 7.8% in LPN. Each group had three intraoperative complications, one urine leak/urinoma, and two postoperative bleeding that required blood transfusion.
In another study done by Marszalek et al., cases were matched by size and configuration (16 (17). There was similar distribution of low, medium, and high complex lesions in OPN and RAPN while LPN had no high complexity lesions. OPN had lower operative time and ischemia time but increased blood loss. Postoperatively all groups had lower urine leaks (3.7% RAPN, 0 LPN, and 5.6% OPN), with similar GFR. Tumor at the specimen margin was also low (3.7% RAPN, 0 LPN, and 7.4% OPN). There are some other studies comparing Trifecta outcomes in RAPN with LPN (Table 3).
There are limitations to our study. Firstly, the sample size was small compared to earlier studies. While we identified statistically significant differences between different treatment modalities, the study was not adequately powered for detecting subtle differences. Secondly, LPN and RAPN cases were not matched due to constraints of small cohorts and as the same two surgeons performed both LPN and RAPN cases in equal numbers it was assumed that LPN cases would be similar to RAPN. Analysis reveals that tumors were almost similar in all three groups in all aspects. The third limitation is that the surgeries were performed by four different surgeons, resulting in differences in total operating time, WIT, and outcomes due to differences in surgical technique. A final limitation was that all the RAPN performed were the initial robotic surgeries performed at our institution and hence the surgeons were in their initial learning curve affecting the total operating time and other outcomes.

Conclusion
Renal tumors can be safely treated by LPN or RAPN with lesser morbidity as compared to OPN. Trifecta outcome had no significant difference among OPN, LPN, and RAPN.